Plan and Team Contract#

Identify the parts of the project and the associated deadlines and collaborative requirements for the structures group for the 13 and 3 week period and provide these to the PM in a timely manner to be coordinated by your PM group. Identified parts that will help structure the work which will create the schedule,could be static system, material, loads, combinations, element sizes, connections, design calculations, drawings etc.

B Drawings#

Drawings required to be integrated into the interdisciplinary drawings:

• Plan sketch of horizontal stabilising elements.

• Plan sketch of vertical loaded elements.

• Sketch of any specific and important special structure.

• A structural detail dealing with some important connection.

C BIM#

You should be developing the BIM model through the course. This might not be possible in the early stages, however, start as soon as possible when some elements are certain. To give you a guide you should expect to have a model that we can do a quantity take off from by week 10. The structural system of the entire building, basement structure, ramp access to the basement, stairs in the entire core should all be included in the BIM Model and aligned with the other disciplines. The elevator shaft on top of the building, stair access to the building roof.

C Consultant Report#

After the PREVIOUS milestone you can now start calculating in more details the forces and dimensions of your structure. Use the methods you are most familiar with. We can give some supervision to FE-modelling but if you have no experience with this method use proper hand-calculations; the Empire State Building was designed long before the computer era! At the end of the 13 weeks you should have a clear idea about your structure, loads and dimensions, detailing and the integration of special architectural features if any. Before you finish the 13-week period your project should be at a point that you have no questions left regarding finalizing the design in the 3 weeks period. You will get comments on the report you have to prepare at the end of the 13 weeks, which should clear up last details.

Following aspects and issues should be addressed in the report (deliverables):

1. Development of building concept.

2. Choice of static system (stiffening elements, beam-column system, floor plates).

3. Choice of material (pure concrete, steel-concrete composite, pure or partial steel structure).

4. Loading assumptions (dead loads, traffic loads, fire and overall wind loads).

5. First verification of overall structural stability and foundation pressure.

6. Dimensions of the element profiles and sectional forces on slabs, beams, columns and core.

D BIM#

The structural system of the entire building including slabs, beams, columns and core. Also conceptual input to basement structure, ramp access to the basement, stairs in the entire core, the elevator shaft on top of the building, stair access to the building roof and basement, should all be included in the BIM Model and aligned with the other disciplines, Stairs in the core.

D Consultant Report#

The report on Subject 2 shall be delivered in electronic form as one pdf-file, containing all calculation approaches, brief method descriptions, calculation results and drawing material. The report should be clearly and concisely written in English. The report will be evaluated on the basis of:

1. Clarity and depth of understanding shown by the description of the chosen design, structural system, response calculation and organization of building function.

2. Logic, accuracy and completeness of the performed design calculations.

3. Presentation and analysis of the results.

The overall and detailed structural design can be documented with:

• CAD-Drawings and

• Clear and accurate sketches - electronic or by hand.

The Part D Subject report is a continuation of the Part C report. The Part D Subject report report includes details, more drawings, and more appendices including calculations. You can see it as a detailed design report. The Part C report contains more principles and estimates of element dimension, considerations of details. It is a concept design report.

Basic requirements#

Building Concept#

Development of building concept, including:

• Choice of static system (stiffening elements, beam-column system, floor plates).

• Choice of material (concrete, steel, composite, etc).

• Loading assumptions (dead loads, traffic loads, wind loads).

Structural quality#

The structural quality should ensure lifetimes of 50-100 years for all essential building elements used in the building structure, facades, windows, etc.

Refined Design#

Refinement of preliminary design, only detailing (beams, columns, slabs, core) with respect to ventilation, floor area arrangement (individual offices, open plan office landscape, aisles, recreation areas), and façade connection to main structure.

Load Combinations#

Partial safety factors for different combinations and decisive load cases for overall and local structural design.

Structural Members#

Detail Design of structural members.

Dynamic Properties#

Establish dynamic properties.

Building Motion#

Assessment of building motion at top floors due to wind loading.

Buildability#

Easily buildable solutions are preferred. The construction period should be as short as possible.

Promote maintenance friendly solutions#

Robust and maintenance-friendly solutions should be used throughout the building.

Facade#

Concept design of the connection between the primary load carrying system and the secondary facade load carrying system.

Detailed requirements#

• Description of structural system/ static system including connections and stability. Including supports. Including basement.

• Description of robustness

• Choice of materials

• Load collection

• Load combinations (3-5)

• Max. section forces in main elements.

• Detailed design of the most critical main element of the columns, beams, slabs, core. Inclusive reduction of capacity for stability.

  • It is accepted to use suppliers table for HCS, SL deck, pre stressed concrete element beams etc. but the method of choosing the elements should be showed.

  • If you use any kind of steel profile you should verify the design by hand calculation.

  • In-situ structures (beams, columns, slabs, core) should be designed.

  • Columns should be verified inclusive stability (2nd order effect for concrete columns).

• Principle design of basement structures as beams, columns slabs. However, if these structures are part of the foundation solution and take forces as a result of that this design should be solved with geotechnical forces in mind.

• Construct and draw main details or principle connections (min. 5) (beam/slab/column, beam/slab, core/beam, core/slab, slab/facade etc.)

• Horizontal SLS deformations from wind in top of building. Even by hand (finding moment of inertia) or by FEM. 1/500xh.

• Plan, elevation, section drawings

• Interface description to other subjects (forces to geotechnical, space for installations, collaboration with architects etc.)

• Natural frequency of building and corresponding horizontal modeshapes . Is the wind dynamic critical, and how can you then reduce the accelerations.

• Concept design for structural integration of special structures (inclined columns, cantilever parts, atrium, auditorium, double height columns etc )).

• Description of BIM model

• Description of construction methods .

• Initial Structural fire design of critical beam, colum and slab only for concrete

• Geotechnical concept description

Structures -> Architecture#

Spaces, materials, architecture e.g.

• Do you have the spaces that the designer wishes, also after you have inserted all your columns etc.

• Agree with the designer what kind of materials you should use, so you have sustainable materials with a good aesthetic look, but still have the required strength and stiffness.

• Is it in general possible to solve the architectural ideas in a good and healthy static system, or do you, as a structural engineer, need to adjust the initial architectural design to get a better structural system.

The work in subject Structure will initially be in close cooperation with Subject Architecture where the main design parameters of the building should be established. That is; floor plans (including space for technical installations), design of windows, floor height, ventilation concept, heating and cooling system (especially if building integrated solutions are used), and thermal mass. Keep in mind that establishing the right combination of design parameters in the very early phase of the process is the only way to ensure that satisfactory indoor climate and low energy consumption in the building can be made possible

Structures -> MEP#

Façade daylight, installation sizes and collisions of ducts with columns or beams, thermal bridges e.g.

• Does your façade solutions, including columns and beams in facade, provide enough daylight into the building? Sometimes beams in the façade prevent high windows and therefore good daylight

• Do the structural elements create thermal bridges through the insulated building envelope?

• Do you have space for all installations, vertical and horizontal? Have you optimized the required space not to spend client’s money unwisely? Do any installation have to go through structural components, and is that a structural problem? When ducts and pipes branch out from the vertical shaft on every floor, the shaft is often significantly weakened.

Structures -> Geotech#

Max allowable forces to foundation, global bending moment of building e.g.

• Discuss with the geotechnical subject if the soil and the foundation system in general can be designed to handle the reaction from the high-rise.

• Do you have tension from the high-rise, or do you only have compression. Tension can give a lot more challenges for the geotechnical subject to handle.

• How do you deal with the spring stiffness that the soil supports the high-rise.

Structures -> Material#

Depending on the choice of materials, the structural behaviour should be considered and analysed. As a structural engineer you should have a strong opinion of the best material for structural safety and comfort. However, architectural opinions and sustainable solution etc would be important collaborative driver for the project.

Structures -> PM/ICT#

BIM model should fit with structural models e.g.

• Structural choices have huge impact on the overall cost of the project. Please discuss this and agree if this fits in the overall economy budget for the project.

• You should create the structural BIM Model and coordinate it with the entire BIM model. And check if there are any clash with installation, fire protection, foundation and the architectural concept in general.

• There should be similarity between the BIM model the structural choices and structural calculations.

• Be aware of the waste management system you chose, to remove the waste from the building and coordinate the height of the basement accordingly. Is it from –1 Level, removed by a waste management truck, that results in a higher floor to floor for –1 Level than for –2 Level and –3 Level. This results in the access ramp to be either inside or outside the excavation/retaining system area, therefore, coordination of these has to be between Structural Engineer, Architect, MEP, and PM.